dream

2005-11-10T12:43:00.000-08:00

Background:

Independent from France in 1960, Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia in 1982. However, the envisaged integration of the two countries was never carried out, and the union was dissolved in 1989. Despite peace talks, a southern separatist group sporadically has clashed with government forces since 1982. Senegal has a long history of participating in international peacekeeping.

Geography

Senegal

Top of Page

Location:	Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania
Geographic coordinates:	14 00 N, 14 00 W
Map references:	Africa
Area:	total: 196,190 sq km land: 192,000 sq km water: 4,190 sq km
Area - comparative:	slightly smaller than South Dakota
Land boundaries:	total: 2,640 km border countries: The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km
Coastline:	531 km
Maritime claims:	territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate:	tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind
Terrain:	generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast
Elevation extremes:	lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed feature near Nepen Diakha 581 m
Natural resources:	fish, phosphates, iron ore
Land use:	arable land: 12.78% permanent crops: 0.21% other: 87.01% (2001)
Irrigated land:	710 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:	lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts
Environment - current issues:	wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; overfishing
Environment - international agreements:	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
Geography - note:	westernmost country on the African continent; The Gambia is almost an enclave within Senegal

People

Senegal

Top of Page

Population:	11,126,832 (July 2005 est.)
Age structure:	0-14 years: 42.8% (male 2,404,461/female 2,360,167) 15-64 years: 54.1% (male 2,901,689/female 3,122,854) 65 years and over: 3% (male 161,173/female 176,488) (2005 est.)
Median age:	total: 18.15 years male: 17.6 years female: 18.7 years (2005 est.)
Population growth rate:	2.48% (2005 est.)
Birth rate:	35.21 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Death rate:	10.6 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Net migration rate:	0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Sex ratio:	at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
Infant mortality rate:	total: 55.51 deaths/1,000 live births male: 59.17 deaths/1,000 live births female: 51.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:	total population: 58.9 years male: 57.37 years female: 60.47 years (2005 est.)
Total fertility rate:	4.75 children born/woman (2005 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:	0.8% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:	44,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:	3,500 (2003 est.)
Major infectious diseases:	degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Rift Valley fever are high risks in some locations water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)
Nationality:	noun: Senegalese (singular and plural) adjective: Senegalese
Ethnic groups:	Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka 3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%
Religions:	Muslim 94%, indigenous beliefs 1%, Christian 5% (mostly Roman Catholic)
Languages:	French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka
Literacy:	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 40.2% male: 50% female: 30.7% (2003 est.)

Government

Senegal

Top of Page

Country name:	conventional long form: Republic of Senegal conventional short form: Senegal local long form: Republique du Senegal local short form: Senegal
Government type:	republic under multiparty democratic rule
Capital:	Dakar
Administrative divisions:	11 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor
Independence:	4 April 1960 (from France); note - complete independence was achieved upon dissolution of federation with Mali on 20 August 1960
National holiday:	Independence Day, 4 April (1960)
Constitution:	new constitution adopted 7 January 2001
Legal system:	based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court; the Council of State audits the government's accounting office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:	18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:	chief of state: President Abdoulaye WADE (since 1 April 2000) head of government: Prime Minister Macky SALL (since 21 April 2004) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the president elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term under new constitution; election last held under prior constitution (seven-year terms) 27 February and 19 March 2000 (next to be held February 2007); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Abdoulaye WADE elected president; percent of vote in the second round of voting - Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 58.49%, Abdou DIOUF (PS) 41.51%
Legislative branch:	unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (120 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve five-year terms) note: the former National Assembly, dissolved in the spring of 2001, had 140 seats elections: last held 29 April 2001 (next to be held NA 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - SOPI Coalition 89, AFP 11, PS 10, other 10
Judicial branch:	Constitutional Court; Council of State; Court of Final Appeals or Cour de Cassation; Court of Appeals; note - the judicial system was reformed in 1992
Political parties and leaders:	African Party for Democracy and Socialism or And Jef (also known as PADS/AJ) [Landing SAVANE, secretary general]; African Party of Independence [Majhemout DIOP]; Alliance of Forces of Progress or AFP [Moustapha NIASSE]; Democratic and Patriotic Convention or CDP (also known as Garab-Gi) [Dr. Iba Der THIAM]; Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY]; Front for Socialism and Democracy or FSD [Cheikh Abdoulaye DIEYE]; Gainde Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]; Independence and Labor Party or PIT [Amath DANSOKHO]; National Democratic Rally or RND [Madier DIOUF]; Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE]; Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG]; SOPI Coalition (a coalition led by the PDS) [Abdoulaye WADE]; Union for Democratic Renewal or URD [Djibo Leyti KA]; other small parties
Political pressure groups and leaders:	labor; Muslim brotherhoods; students; teachers
International organization participation:	ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:	chief of mission: Ambassador Amadou Lamine BA chancery: 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 234-0540 FAX: [1] (202) 332-6315 consulate(s) general: New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:	chief of mission: Ambassador Richard Alan ROTH embassy: Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Rue Kleber, Dakar mailing address: B. P. 49, Dakar telephone: [221] 823-4296 FAX: [221] 822-2991
Flag description:	three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Economy

Senegal

Top of Page

Economy - overview:	In January 1994, Senegal undertook a bold and ambitious economic reform program with the support of the international donor community. This reform began with a 50% devaluation of Senegal's currency, the CFA franc, which was linked at a fixed rate to the French franc. Government price controls and subsidies have been steadily dismantled. After seeing its economy contract by 2.1% in 1993, Senegal made an important turnaround, thanks to the reform program, with real growth in GDP averaging 5% annually during 1995-2003. Annual inflation had been pushed down to the low single digits. As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), Senegal is working toward greater regional integration with a unified external tariff and a more stable monetary policy. Senegal still relies heavily upon outside donor assistance, however. Under the IMF's Highly Indebted Poor Countries debt relief program, Senegal will benefit from eradication of two-thirds of its bilateral, multilateral, and private sector debt.
GDP (purchasing power parity):	$18.36 billion (2004 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:	3.2% (2004 est.)
GDP - per capita:	purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2004 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:	agriculture: 15.9% industry: 21.4% services: 62.7% (2004 est.)
Labor force:	4.65 million (2004 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:	agriculture 70%
Unemployment rate:	48% (urban youth 40%) (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line:	54% (2001 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:	lowest 10%: 2.6% highest 10%: 33.5% (1995)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:	41.3 (1995)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):	0.8% (2004 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):	20.1% of GDP (2004 est.)
Budget:	revenues: $1.572 billion expenditures: $1.627 billion, including capital expenditures of $357 million (2004 est.)
Public debt:	55.2% of GDP (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products:	peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes, green vegetables; cattle, poultry, pigs; fish
Industries:	agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, fertilizer production, petroleum refining, construction materials, ship construction and repair
Industrial production growth rate:	4.7% (2004 est.)
Electricity - production:	1.737 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - consumption:	1.615 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - exports:	0 kWh (2002)
Electricity - imports:	0 kWh (2002)
Oil - production:	0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:	31,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:	NA
Oil - imports:	NA
Natural gas - production:	50 million cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:	50 million cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:	0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:	0 cu m (2001 est.)
Current account balance:	$-518.8 million (2004 est.)
Exports:	$1.374 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Exports - commodities:	fish, groundnuts (peanuts), petroleum products, phosphates, cotton
Exports - partners:	India 14.4%, Mali 13.1%, France 9.8%, Italy 7.3%, Spain 6.6%, Guinea-Bissau 5.6%, Gambia, The 4.8% (2004)
Imports:	$2.128 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Imports - commodities:	food and beverages, capital goods, fuels
Imports - partners:	France 24.8%, Nigeria 11.9%, Thailand 6.1% (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:	$820 million (2004 est.)
Debt - external:	$3.476 billion (2004 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:	$362.6 million (2002 est.)
Currency (code):	Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Exchange rates:	Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)
Fiscal year:	calendar year

Communications

Senegal

Top of Page

Telephones - main lines in use:	228,800 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular:	575,900 (2003)
Telephone system:	general assessment: good system domestic: above-average urban system; microwave radio relay, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable in trunk system international: country code - 221; 4 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations:	AM 8, FM 20, shortwave 1 (2001)
Television broadcast stations:	1 (1997)
Internet country code:	.sn
Internet hosts:	672 (2003)
Internet users:	225,000 (2003)

Transportation

Senegal

Top of Page

Railways:	total: 906 km narrow gauge: 906 km 1.000-meter gauge (2004)
Highways:	total: 14,576 km paved: 4,271 km including 7 km of expressways unpaved: 10,305 km (2000)
Waterways:	1,000 km (primarily on Senegal, Saloum, and Casamance rivers) (2003)
Pipelines:	gas 564 km (2004)
Ports and harbors:	Dakar
Airports:	20 (2004 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:	total: 9 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:	total: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military

Senegal

Top of Page

Military branches:	Army, Navy (Marine Senegalaise), Air Force (2005)
Military service age and obligation:	18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 2 years (2004)
Manpower available for military service:	males age 18-49: 2,183,343 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:	males age 18-49: 1,300,502 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:	males: 124,096 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:	$107.3 million (2004)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:	1.5% (2004)

Transnational Issues

Senegal

Top of Page

Disputes - international:	The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau attempt to stem Senegalese citizens from the Casamance region fleeing separatist violence, cross border raids, and arms smuggling
Refugees and internally displaced persons:	IDPs: 17,000 (clashes between government troops and separatists in Casamance region) (2004)
Illicit drugs:	transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and South American cocaine moving to Europe and North America; illicit cultivator of cannabis

This page was last updated on 1 November, 2005

Background:

Geography

Senegal

Top of Page

Location:	Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania
Geographic coordinates:	14 00 N, 14 00 W
Map references:	Africa
Area:	total: 196,190 sq km land: 192,000 sq km water: 4,190 sq km
Area - comparative:	slightly smaller than South Dakota
Land boundaries:	total: 2,640 km border countries: The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km
Coastline:	531 km
Maritime claims:	territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate:	tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind
Terrain:	generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast
Elevation extremes:	lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed feature near Nepen Diakha 581 m
Natural resources:	fish, phosphates, iron ore
Land use:	arable land: 12.78% permanent crops: 0.21% other: 87.01% (2001)
Irrigated land:	710 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:	lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts
Environment - current issues:	wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; overfishing
Environment - international agreements:	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
Geography - note:	westernmost country on the African continent; The Gambia is almost an enclave within Senegal

People

Senegal

Top of Page

Population:	11,126,832 (July 2005 est.)
Age structure:	0-14 years: 42.8% (male 2,404,461/female 2,360,167) 15-64 years: 54.1% (male 2,901,689/female 3,122,854) 65 years and over: 3% (male 161,173/female 176,488) (2005 est.)
Median age:	total: 18.15 years male: 17.6 years female: 18.7 years (2005 est.)
Population growth rate:	2.48% (2005 est.)
Birth rate:	35.21 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Death rate:	10.6 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Net migration rate:	0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Sex ratio:	at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
Infant mortality rate:	total: 55.51 deaths/1,000 live births male: 59.17 deaths/1,000 live births female: 51.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:	total population: 58.9 years male: 57.37 years female: 60.47 years (2005 est.)
Total fertility rate:	4.75 children born/woman (2005 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:	0.8% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:	44,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:	3,500 (2003 est.)
Major infectious diseases:	degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Rift Valley fever are high risks in some locations water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)
Nationality:	noun: Senegalese (singular and plural) adjective: Senegalese
Ethnic groups:	Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka 3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%
Religions:	Muslim 94%, indigenous beliefs 1%, Christian 5% (mostly Roman Catholic)
Languages:	French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka
Literacy:	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 40.2% male: 50% female: 30.7% (2003 est.)

Government

Senegal

Top of Page

Country name:	conventional long form: Republic of Senegal conventional short form: Senegal local long form: Republique du Senegal local short form: Senegal
Government type:	republic under multiparty democratic rule
Capital:	Dakar
Administrative divisions:	11 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor
Independence:	4 April 1960 (from France); note - complete independence was achieved upon dissolution of federation with Mali on 20 August 1960
National holiday:	Independence Day, 4 April (1960)
Constitution:	new constitution adopted 7 January 2001
Legal system:	based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court; the Council of State audits the government's accounting office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:	18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:	chief of state: President Abdoulaye WADE (since 1 April 2000) head of government: Prime Minister Macky SALL (since 21 April 2004) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the president elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term under new constitution; election last held under prior constitution (seven-year terms) 27 February and 19 March 2000 (next to be held February 2007); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Abdoulaye WADE elected president; percent of vote in the second round of voting - Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 58.49%, Abdou DIOUF (PS) 41.51%
Legislative branch:	unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (120 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve five-year terms) note: the former National Assembly, dissolved in the spring of 2001, had 140 seats elections: last held 29 April 2001 (next to be held NA 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - SOPI Coalition 89, AFP 11, PS 10, other 10
Judicial branch:	Constitutional Court; Council of State; Court of Final Appeals or Cour de Cassation; Court of Appeals; note - the judicial system was reformed in 1992
Political parties and leaders:	African Party for Democracy and Socialism or And Jef (also known as PADS/AJ) [Landing SAVANE, secretary general]; African Party of Independence [Majhemout DIOP]; Alliance of Forces of Progress or AFP [Moustapha NIASSE]; Democratic and Patriotic Convention or CDP (also known as Garab-Gi) [Dr. Iba Der THIAM]; Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY]; Front for Socialism and Democracy or FSD [Cheikh Abdoulaye DIEYE]; Gainde Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]; Independence and Labor Party or PIT [Amath DANSOKHO]; National Democratic Rally or RND [Madier DIOUF]; Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE]; Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG]; SOPI Coalition (a coalition led by the PDS) [Abdoulaye WADE]; Union for Democratic Renewal or URD [Djibo Leyti KA]; other small parties
Political pressure groups and leaders:	labor; Muslim brotherhoods; students; teachers
International organization participation:	ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:	chief of mission: Ambassador Amadou Lamine BA chancery: 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 234-0540 FAX: [1] (202) 332-6315 consulate(s) general: New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:	chief of mission: Ambassador Richard Alan ROTH embassy: Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Rue Kleber, Dakar mailing address: B. P. 49, Dakar telephone: [221] 823-4296 FAX: [221] 822-2991
Flag description:	three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Economy

Senegal

Top of Page

Economy - overview:	In January 1994, Senegal undertook a bold and ambitious economic reform program with the support of the international donor community. This reform began with a 50% devaluation of Senegal's currency, the CFA franc, which was linked at a fixed rate to the French franc. Government price controls and subsidies have been steadily dismantled. After seeing its economy contract by 2.1% in 1993, Senegal made an important turnaround, thanks to the reform program, with real growth in GDP averaging 5% annually during 1995-2003. Annual inflation had been pushed down to the low single digits. As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), Senegal is working toward greater regional integration with a unified external tariff and a more stable monetary policy. Senegal still relies heavily upon outside donor assistance, however. Under the IMF's Highly Indebted Poor Countries debt relief program, Senegal will benefit from eradication of two-thirds of its bilateral, multilateral, and private sector debt.
GDP (purchasing power parity):	$18.36 billion (2004 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:	3.2% (2004 est.)
GDP - per capita:	purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2004 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:	agriculture: 15.9% industry: 21.4% services: 62.7% (2004 est.)
Labor force:	4.65 million (2004 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:	agriculture 70%
Unemployment rate:	48% (urban youth 40%) (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line:	54% (2001 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:	lowest 10%: 2.6% highest 10%: 33.5% (1995)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:	41.3 (1995)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):	0.8% (2004 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):	20.1% of GDP (2004 est.)
Budget:	revenues: $1.572 billion expenditures: $1.627 billion, including capital expenditures of $357 million (2004 est.)
Public debt:	55.2% of GDP (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products:	peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes, green vegetables; cattle, poultry, pigs; fish
Industries:	agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, fertilizer production, petroleum refining, construction materials, ship construction and repair
Industrial production growth rate:	4.7% (2004 est.)
Electricity - production:	1.737 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - consumption:	1.615 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - exports:	0 kWh (2002)
Electricity - imports:	0 kWh (2002)
Oil - production:	0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:	31,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:	NA
Oil - imports:	NA
Natural gas - production:	50 million cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:	50 million cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:	0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:	0 cu m (2001 est.)
Current account balance:	$-518.8 million (2004 est.)
Exports:	$1.374 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Exports - commodities:	fish, groundnuts (peanuts), petroleum products, phosphates, cotton
Exports - partners:	India 14.4%, Mali 13.1%, France 9.8%, Italy 7.3%, Spain 6.6%, Guinea-Bissau 5.6%, Gambia, The 4.8% (2004)
Imports:	$2.128 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Imports - commodities:	food and beverages, capital goods, fuels
Imports - partners:	France 24.8%, Nigeria 11.9%, Thailand 6.1% (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:	$820 million (2004 est.)
Debt - external:	$3.476 billion (2004 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:	$362.6 million (2002 est.)
Currency (code):	Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Exchange rates:	Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)
Fiscal year:	calendar year

Communications

Senegal

Top of Page

Telephones - main lines in use:	228,800 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular:	575,900 (2003)
Telephone system:	general assessment: good system domestic: above-average urban system; microwave radio relay, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable in trunk system international: country code - 221; 4 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations:	AM 8, FM 20, shortwave 1 (2001)
Television broadcast stations:	1 (1997)
Internet country code:	.sn
Internet hosts:	672 (2003)
Internet users:	225,000 (2003)

Transportation

Senegal

Top of Page

Railways:	total: 906 km narrow gauge: 906 km 1.000-meter gauge (2004)
Highways:	total: 14,576 km paved: 4,271 km including 7 km of expressways unpaved: 10,305 km (2000)
Waterways:	1,000 km (primarily on Senegal, Saloum, and Casamance rivers) (2003)
Pipelines:	gas 564 km (2004)
Ports and harbors:	Dakar
Airports:	20 (2004 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:	total: 9 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:	total: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military

Senegal

Top of Page

Military branches:	Army, Navy (Marine Senegalaise), Air Force (2005)
Military service age and obligation:	18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 2 years (2004)
Manpower available for military service:	males age 18-49: 2,183,343 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:	males age 18-49: 1,300,502 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:	males: 124,096 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:	$107.3 million (2004)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:	1.5% (2004)

Transnational Issues

Senegal

Top of Page

Disputes - international:	The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau attempt to stem Senegalese citizens from the Casamance region fleeing separatist violence, cross border raids, and arms smuggling
Refugees and internally displaced persons:	IDPs: 17,000 (clashes between government troops and separatists in Casamance region) (2004)
Illicit drugs:	transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and South American cocaine moving to Europe and North America; illicit cultivator of cannabis

This page was last updated on 1 November, 2005

senegal

2005-11-04T08:13:00.000-08:00

"Symbols of Senegal

PRINCIPLE OF THE REPUBLIC

The principle of the Republic of Senegal east : government of the people by the people and for the people.

CURRENCY

The currency of the Republic of Senegal east : " People - A Goal - A Faith ". It translates our commun run to want life common, i.e. our will (a Faith), of Unit (People), for national Construction (a Goal).

FLAG

The flag of the Republic of Senegal east made up of three vertical and equal bands, of green color, gold and red. It carries, in green, in the center of the band but, a star with five branches.

The Green, for the Moslems, is the color of the flag of the Prophet. For the Christians, it is the symbol of the éspérance. For the Animists, it is the symbol of fruitfulness. Gold is sign of richness, it represents the fruit of work for people which gave the priority to the economic problems, whose only solution will allow the rise in the level of culture. It is the second objective of the Sénégalaise Nation. However Gold — the Yellow — is, at the same time, color of Arts and the Letters ; color of the Spirit. the Red points out the color of blood, color of the life, therefore sacrifice authorized by all the Nation, but also the burning determination and the solved force which animates each one of its sons in the fight against under development.

The Star is a rather frequent sign in the négro-African symbolic system. It has five branches to mark the opening of Senegal in the five continents. It represents the sky and leaving the spiritual values, singularly at people which did not see only rice and of bread. It is green to mean, more particularly, the hope which the Young Independence of the Republic of Senegal expresses.

SEAL

The Republic of Senegal has two seals.

On one, are reproduced a Lion-passer by and, on the line, above, a Star with Five Branches. The Lion is also a frequent sign of the ethnic symbolic system of the group North-Soudanien, to which the large majority of the Senegaleses belongs. It was, before the presence franaise, the animal symbolic system of the Capacity. The King was, then, King — Lion - Sun — God. From now on, the Lion will be the animal symbolic system of the Senegalese State. No animal could better represent the Senegalese People, whose cardinal virtues are courage and honesty. This first Seal carries, registered on the edge, the words : Republic of Senegal — People — a Goal — a Faith.

On the second Seal, figure a Baobab tree. Why a Baobab tree ? It is initially that the Baobab tree is tree typical of the flora sénégalaise. A group of Baobab trees centenaries marks, often, the place of an old village. It is, in addition, which the baobab tree is a tree from which our peasants draw the most resources. The fruit — the bread of monkey — is used to manufacture sauce of the pulps ; the plundered sheets, use the composition of the couscous ; the trunk provides solid cords. On the edge of this second Seal, the words are registered : Republic of Senegal — In the name of the Senegalese People.

NATIONAL ANTHEM

The national anthem is composed of five verses including/understanding each stanza of twelve feet, and a refrain made up of a stanza of four of the same worms rate/rhythm.

The words are the work of Mr. Léopold Sédar SENGHOR, first President of the Republic, poet and writer, and the music of Herbert PEPPERT.

The anthem evokes the topic of the joy born of independence, that of the national union by the going beyond of regional diversities; the topic of the rooting in our values and the opening to the others and modernity, that of our last glory evoked less to feed a ombrageux nationalism that to be used an ideal as generosity, peace, of work of dialogue, unit and fraternity African without discrimination of races or languages, before ending in a proclamation: the oath to defend the Fatherland in the union and the determination, even until death in front of all the dangers menaant its independence, its prosperity, its safety.

Grip all your will coras, strike your balaphons
The red lion howled. The trainer of the bush
Of a jump sprang dissipating darkness
Sun on our terrors, sun on our hope.

Refrain:
Upright brothers here Africa gathered
Fibres of my green heart shoulders against shoulder
My more than brothers. O Senegalese, upright!
Unisons sea and sources, unisons
Steppe and the forest. Hello Africa Mother.

Senegal, you it son of the scum of the lion,
Emerged you of the night au.galop of the horses,
Return to us, oh! return to us the honor of our Ancestors
Splendid like ebony and forts like the muscle!
We say right — the sword does not have a bur.

Senegal, we do ours your great intention:
To gather chicks with the shelter of the milans
To make some, of the east in the west, north in the south,
Drawn up, the same people, people without seam,
But people turned towards all the winds of the world.

Senegal, like you, all our heroes,
We will be hard, without opened hatred and the two arms,
The sword, we will put it in the peace of the sleeve,
Because our work will be our weapon and the word.
Bantou is a brother, and the Arab and the White.

But that if the enemy sets fire to our borders
We all are drawn up and them weapons with the fist:
People in his faith defying all misfortunes;
Young people and old men, men and women.
Death, yes! We say death but not shame."

2005-11-04T07:58:00.001-08:00

The French National Assembly

PRESENTATION

The French National Assembly is the institution where the people delegate his representatives called appointed, to exert the legislative power. She votes the law, controls the governmental activity, can cause the resignation of the Government by the vote of a motion of censure.

Legislative role

The law is voted by the French National Assembly. The initiative of the law belongs to the President of the Republic (bills), and to the deputies (private bill).

The projects or private bills are submitted to the French National Assembly. When the project or the private bill is adopted by the French National Assembly, the law is transmitted without delay to the President of the Republic for promulgation.

Control parliamentary

The deputies can pose to the members of the Government, who are held to answer it, of the written questions and the oral questions. The written questions are transmitted to the President of the French National Assembly which transmits them to the President of the Republic.

Fault by the member of the Government of having answered a question written within fifteen day, the written question is transformed into question oral and carried on the agenda of a meeting by the Conference of the Presidents.

The national assembly can indicate in her centre of the boards of inquiry. She can also cause the resignation of the Government by the vote of a motion of censure.

OPERATION

The President directs the debates. He chairs the meetings of the Office and the Conference of the Presidents. The administrative services of the French National Assembly are placed under the authority of the assisted President of the questeurs and the Secretary-general.

The Vice-presidents compensate the President in the performance of his duties, according to the order of their election. In any event, three Vice-presidents will be present on the territory of the Republic in a permanent way.

The elected secretaries attend with the meetings of the Office and the Conference of the Presidents. They draw up the analytical verbal lawsuit and give reading of it, if it is asked, register the names of the deputies who ask for the word, control the nominal calls, note the votes by show of hands or by sat and raised, strip the polls, control the delegations of vote, record the sanctions for the application of the provisions of the Rules of procedure of the French National Assembly relating to the disciplinary measure of the deputies.

The Secretary-general and the associated Secretary-general are selected among the government officials of hierarchy A. They coordinate the activities of the eight directions which account the French National Assembly.

The Questeurs, under the top management and the control of the President, are in charge of the services of the material and finances of the Parliament. They prepare, under the direction of the President and in agreement with the Office, the budget of the Parliament which they report to the Committee of supply.

SHORT HISTORY

The French National Assembly of Senegal was instituted on August 20, 1960 (law n° 60-44 of August 20, 1960). Before it, sat :

The General Council (1879-1920);
The colonial Council (1920-1946);
The General Council (1946-1952);
The territorial Parliament (1952-1958), which sat at Saint Louis;
The constituent Assembly, instituted on November 25, 1958.

The first stone of the palate sheltering the French National Assembly was posed on October 27, 1954 per Mr Robert Buron, Ministre of France overseas, in the presence of Mr Bernard Cornut-Nice, High commissioner of the Republic in Africa Occidentale French, and of Mr Boissier Pallum, President of the Large Council of Africa Occidentale French.

Inaugurated on November 22, 1956 per Mr Albert Sarraut, President of the Parliament of the French Union, in the presence of Mr Gaston Cusin, High commissioner of the Republic in Africa Occidentale French, and of Mr Boissier Pallun, President of the High Council of Africa Occidentale French, the Palate sheltered successively :

The Large Council of French Western Africa (A.O.F.), of 1956 to 1959;
The legislative Parliament of the Federation of Mali, April 04, 1959 to August 20, 1960;
and as from August 20, 1960, the French National Assembly of the Republic of Senegal.

With independence, the number of deputies was 80. Manpower passed to 100 in 1978, 120 in 1983 and 140 in 1998.

March 19, 2000, Senegal knew the first political alternation at the top of the State. A new Constitution was adopted by referendum. Its implementation entrainé a certain number of institutional reforms of which:

Removal of the Senate and the Economic and Social Council;
The dissolution of the French National Assembly and the organization of anticipated legislative elections;
The reduction of the number of deputies with 120.

2005-11-04T07:58:00.000-08:00

The Council of State

The law n°96-30 of 21 October 1996 abrogeant and replacing the law n°92-24 of May 30, 1992 defines the organization of the Council of State, fixes its competences and defines the rules of procedure of them.

ORGANIZATION

The Advisory General meeting includes/understands the totality of the members of the Council of State and the advisers in "extraordinary service", personalities qualified in the various spheres of the national activity and indicated by decree for one one year period renewable.

The number of these advisers cannot exceed twenty (20).

The Prime Minister indicates near the Advisory General meeting, the Secretary-general of the Government which is the General Police chief and of the "Government Commissioners", who are qualified people, charged representing the Government and with providing to the known as assembly all useful information.

These Police chiefs take part in the debates but are not entitled to vote.

However, before any meeting of the Advisory General meeting, the President of the Council of State, the office of the aforesaid council heard, can decide reference of a business before the special subcommittee of the same assembly, chaired by a Magistrate of the Council of State. He is proceeded in the same way in agreement with the Advisory General meeting, if during a meeting, the needs order it.

The meetings of the Advisory General meeting are chaired by the President of the Council of State or failing this by a President of Section.

The jurisdictional formations of the Council of State are: joined together Sections and Sections.

Joined together Sections:

They include/understand, in addition to the President of the Council of State, the Presidents of Section, the Advisers of State and the Public auditors.

They are chaired by the President of the Council of State, and in the event of prevention or of abscence of this last, by the oldest President of Section.

Sections:

The 1st Section has jurisdiction in the disputes relating to the inscriptions on the electoral rolls, the control of the legality of the acts of the local communities, the proceedings for annulment for abuse of power, of the appeal to the Supreme Court against the decisions returned in last administrative matter spring by the regional courts and the Court of Appeal.

The 2nd Section to which the Commission of Auditings of accounts is attached and of Control of the Public Companies (C.V.C.C.E.P) plays the same part as the Court of Auditors in France.
This 2ième Section was recently set up supreme enjuridiction under the name of Court of Auditors

Each year, after the end of their management, the public accountants justiciable to the Council of State send their management account accompanied by all the supporting documents of expenditure and receipts, with the Council of State by the intermediary of the Minister in charge of Finances.

Lastly, the Council of State, in his annual report which are given to the President of the Republic, and to the President of the French National Assembly, proposes with the Government the reforms and improvements of a legislative, lawful or administrative nature that it takes place to bring. This report/ratio also contains the observations relating to the management of the local communities.

COMPETENCE

The Council of State has advisory and jurisprudencielles attributions

Advisory attributions

The Council of State is the privileged adviser of the Government.

Thus, for the requests for consultation relating to the bills, projects of decrees and private bills, the Council of State is joined together as an advisory General meeting to deliver an opinion justified on the projects of texts which are subjected to him without carrying appreciation on the continued ends.

The opinion relates only on the legality of the texts and, if necessary, to the relevance of the legal means selected to achieve the goals continued by the authorities.

The opinion given by the commission, holds place of deliberation of the Advisory General meeting.

The Council of State joined together as an Advisory General meeting, also delivers his opinion to the President of the Republic and to the Prime Minister, on the difficulties appeared out of administrative matter, and in all the cases where this consultation is envisaged by legislative or lawful provisions.

Jurisdictional activities

Joined together sections

They are qualified for:

to know appeal to the Supreme Court against the decisions of the Budgetary Court of Discipline and the administrative organizations to character juridictionel

to judge the demands for reduction of stop, the requests in correction of material error, as well as the appeal to the Supreme Court aimed to article 48 of the organic law.

The first section

It is qualified to know:

dispute relating to the inscriptions on the electoral rolls. In this respect, the decisions which it returns impose on the administration which must then register the voter erased wrongly and to deliver an electoral chart to him.
control of the legality of the acts of the local communities. Law 96-30 of October 21, 1996 on the Council of State above mentioned, turned into to Council of State the Judge of the legality of the acts of the local communities. The representative of the State near the area, the department or the district cannot any more, as in the past, to cancel a note taken by a body of the local community; he can only seize the Council of State.
proceedings for annulment for abuse of power of the decisions taken by the administrative authorities
appeal to the Supreme Court directed against the decisions returned in last spring by the Courts of Appeal and the administrative matter courts, except for those which the organic law expressly allots to the Supreme court of appeal.

The 1st Section just like the 2nd Section sits at three (3) magistrates at least.

The second section(become Court of Auditors)

It qualified for

to judge the accounts of the public accountants

to control and audit the financial management accounts of the companies and organizations of the parapublic Sector.

WITH THE SYNOPSIS

Organization and competences

Sasine

The President

2005-11-04T07:50:00.000-08:00

President of the Republic

Master Abdoulaye Lagging,
President of the Republic of Senegal

The President of the Republic is the guard of the Constitution. He is the first Guard of Arts and the Letters of Senegal.

He incarnates the national unit.

He is guaranteeing regular operation of the institutions, national independence and integrity of the territory.

He determines the policy of the Nation.

He chairs the Council of Ministers.

The President of the Republic is responsible for national Defense. He chairs the higher Council of national Defense and the national Council of Safety.

He is the supreme Chief of the Armies ; he names with all military employment and has the armed force.

ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC

The President of the Republic is elected by the direct vote for all and the majority poll with two turns. The term of the office of the President of the Republic is five years. The mandate is renewable only once.

ORGANIZATION OF THE PRESIDENCY OF THE REPUBLIC

For his action, the President of the Republic is based on the Government, the Cabinet, the Secretariat-general and the other services and organizations of the Presidency of the Republic.

The Presidency of the Republic includes/understands the whole of the services intended to make it possible to the Head of the State to assume his constitutional missions. These services are placed under the authority of the Minister of State, Principal private secretary of the President of the Republic.

The Head of the State is assisted by personal advisers, special advisers, technical advisers and the in charge ones of mission named by presidential decree.

The Presidency of the Republic is represented with all the interdepartmental meetings.

The Presidency of the Republic includes/understands:

the attached Cabinet and services ;
the Secretariat-general of the Presidency of the Republic and attached services.

WITH THE SYNOPSIS

President of the Republic

Biography of the President

The Cabinet

The Secretariat-general

Other services and organizations

Former Presidents

SEE TOO

Speeches of the President of the Republic

Great projects of the Head of the State

Write us

2005-11-04T07:37:00.000-08:00

History of Senegal

Senegal précolonial

The inventory of the prehistoric sites and the data provided by the oral tradition result in thinking that the settlement of Senegal précolonial was carried out starting from north and of the east, with the arrival of several migratory waves

The arrived first, called "small negros", were gradually driven back towards the South by the " large negros ".

The last great invasion would be that of Wolof, Peul and Sereer (or Sereer), belonging all to the Bafour group whose bursting in several branches seems in correlation with the pressure almoravide. On the high river, Namandirou, bordering country of Falémé, were used as place of transit and passage for Manding advancing towards Sénégambie and initially mixing with Soninké. then in Sereer and Wolof.

The history of Senegal précolonial is especially characterized by the existence of kingdoms or States which were gradually parcelled out.

The formation of the empire of Jolof (or Djolof), contemporary of the expansion almoravide, is allotted to Ndiadiane Ndiaye, probable son of the chief alimoravide Aboubacar Ben Omar and Fatoumata Sall. From this union was born Abou Dardaï which ends up bearing the name of Ndiadiane because of the miracles which surround its arrival in Jolof.

To the XV century, the space ranging between the Senegal rivers and Gambia belonged to only one political entity: Jolof. With the favour of the weakening of the empire of Mali, Gabon was detached some and become a State independent extending of Gambia in north from the current Guinea-Bissau.

At the XVI century, dissidences of Cayor, Baol, Wallo, Sine and Saloum were right of its unit. Jolof was reduced to the limits of a very modest kingdom.

In 1512, after long peregrinations, Peul, under the direction of Tenguella and its Koly son, fixed their habitat year Fouta Toro and created a State, Fouta Deyanke which remained there of 1512 to 1776. This State was put at hard test by the Moors who hoped to subject it to their authority.

After having proclaimed its independence, Gabou tried to benefit from its position of contact between Europeans and their allies of the littoral on the one hand, and Diola of the back country on the other hand. The immense material advantages that they accepted from the ones and others encouraged the sovereigns to reinforce their authority on the various provinces. But the companies Baïnouk and Diola refused to dissolve their identity in that of Gabon and were inserted in their forests where they could preserve their autonomy and their ways of life.

To the XVIII century, the misdeeds of the draft assigned all the categories of the African companies. One attended a great political crumbling then; the entities were circumscribed with ethnos groups passing most clearly of their time to be made the war.

For the same period, Diola manding implied in the traffic slave trader spread Islam along their routes. The neophytes were useful themselves of this religion as arms with combat to test refonder their entities political as regards the aspects social, economic and moral.

Kingdoms at the "time of the governors" : the colonial conquest

At the beginning of the XIXe century, the French possessions very few, are dispersed and of weak extent. Heirs to the counters of slave draft established at the XVII century, these points of meeting of the maritime trade and continental do not have whereas a reduced activity: it is the case of Saint-Louis, Gorée, Rufisque, Portudal or Joal, while certain centers, such Podor, are ruined or destroyed. Until the arrival of Faidherbe and with the diffusion of groundnut like commercial culture, progress of the imperialism remains limited some governors try to start again the trade of gum on the Senegal river, but the rebuilding of the establishments of draft runs up against the hostility of the populations Moors and toucoulor. In 1822, whereas the English control the traffic on Gambia, Gorée functions as a frank port but the commercial activities are reduced everywhere, in particular along the River where the traders are subjected to the system of the "habits ". customs taxes imposed by the Moors who dominates right bank.

From 1850, the French colonial policy changes: the increased requirements out of raw materials intended for manufacturing industries and the progression of "the colonial idea", supported by the competitions imperialists, lead to a strategy of occupation and development starting from the old counters. Space sénégambien becomes an object of conquest then, a first stage on the road of Western Sudan. This policy is implemented by Faidherbe: in ten years (1854-1864), all the littoral ranging between the Senegal rivers and Saloum pass under the French domination, of the military stations are built in Casamance, and of the treaties of protectorate allow to control the valley of Senegal in spite of the sharp resistance of El Hadj Omar Tall (attacks of Médine, then fold towards the east to build an independent State).

The colonial expansion is accelerated after 1876; it is a question of reaching the Niger river, which implies a total control of Senegal. The military campaigns encounter violent interior resistances then: Maba Diakhou Ba tries to unify the countries located at the north of Gambia and Lat Dior Diop in Cayor; Alboury Ndiaye and Mamadou Roll Drama, on the high River and to Boundou, are opposed by the weapons to the colonial penetration. In Casamance, resistance is led by religious chiefs like Fodé Kaba Doumbouya, but it is also the work of the forest populations, in particular in country Diola and Balant. The absence of coordination of all the movements and the competitions intern however supported the external seizure: in 1891, the conquest is practically finished. Then the "time of the governors starts".

Of a colonial nature with independence

The administrative limits of the colony fuse fixed. in 1904, after the creation of French Western Africa (AOF-1895) and the transfer of the federal capital from Saint-Louis to Dakar (1902) -, this one, detached from Senegal, formed a particular territory, Saint-Louis remaining the capital of the country until 1957.

While the construction of the railroad Dakar-Niger supports the diffusion of groundnut in the campaigns, the increase in production is accompanied then by a true agricultural conquest in the east by the country wolof, under the control of the marabouts mourides.

Until 1945, the political organization of Senegal is a perfect illustration of "the colonial order": of the commander of circle to the governor reigns a hierarchical, authoritative, immutable system. Only the natives of the "four communes" (Dakar, Gorée, Rufisque, Saint-Louis) have the privilege to elect their town councils and to thus send a deputy to the French Parliament (Blaise Diagne is elected in 1914) is born a political community sénégalaise, which will find a ground of expression parliamentary after the Second World war with the institutions created by the new colonial policy.

Since 1945, two Senegalese deputies, Rolls Gueye and Léopold Sédar Senghor sits at the French constituent Assembly. In 1946, a territorial Parliament of Senegal is elected with the single college: she designates members of Parliament who represent their country and obtain great improvements (expression and right to meet, abolition of the forced labour). The political activity is accompanied by the creation of parties distinct from the metropolitan organizations (foundation of the Senegalese democratic Block in 1948). whereas poets, novelists and historians animate an intense cultural life.

Prepared by the outline law of 1956, which reinforces the powers of the territorial Assembly, the evolution towards independence is accelerated by the creation of the Community, recutting autonomous republics and whose Senegal becomes a Member State after the referendum of September 28, 1958.

Associated within the Federation of Mali since January 1959, Sudan and Senegal ask the independence which they obtain together within the unit framework, April 4, 1960 (date of the festival of independence). But the Federation of Mali bursts, and on August 20, 1960, the Parliament sénégalaise proclaimed the independence of the country.

Léopold Sédar Senghor is on elected President of the Republic sénégalaise September 5, 1960. It is re-elected on February 28, 1978 and resigns on December 31, 1980. Abdou Diouf, which succeeded, is elected President to him on 27 February 1983 and is re-elected on February 21, 1993. The new president, Abdoulaye Lagging, by gaining the poll of March 19 2000. became the third Head of the Senegalese State.

According to Iba Der Thiam and Mbaye Guèye, Atlas of Senegal, edition Young Africa, 2000.

WITH THE SYNOPSIS

Key figures and information

Charts

Means of communication

Tourism

National symbolic system

SEE TOO

To invest in Senegal

Write us

2005-11-03T14:53:00.000-08:00

2006 Nations Cup: Eagles Get Senegal Warning

November 3, 2005 Posted to the web November 3, 2005
Lagos
Super Eagles have been told to see Senegal as their most dangerous opponents in the Group D of the African Cup of Nations which gets underway in Cairo, Egypt, in January 2006.
"People have been talking about a Nigeria/Ghana qualification from the group otherwise referred to as group of death," coach Stanley Eguma, who is in charge of Globacom Premier League title aspirants, Iwuanyanwu Nationale said on Tuesday evening.
"I admit that Ghana is a strong force in African football and also have a tradition against Nigeria.
"But I would remind Coach Augustine Eguavoen and his Super Eagles to look beyond that. They should be wary of Senegal and I believe the Senegalese are more potential threats than Ghana," the 2001 Coca-Cola FA Cup winning coach with Dolphins said.
Continuing, Eguma said: "Senegal to my mind, have a better team at the moment than Ghana. They have more quality players in Europe than Ghana.
"I am not underrating Ghana. But I am saying the obvious. Their Senegal players have world and nations cup experience than Ghana and this will count for them at the tournament.
Relevant Links
West Africa Soccer Nigeria Ghana Senegal
"This is a team that have their top stars in the top English Premiership - El-Hadji Diouf, Fadiga (Bolton), Henry Camara (Wigan), Diomansy Kamara (West Brom), Papa Bouba Dioup (Fulham) and Tony Silva (Lille), all top flight teams. And it is normal for them to be taken serious.
"I am aware that Ghana too have their top players like Michael Essien (Chelsea) and Stephen Apiah. But I think Senegal stand out as a bigger threat than Ghana," Eguma added.

2005-11-02T10:39:00.000-08:00

i have changed my mind abuot doing my paper on nursing , it was just not going to work. so i am going to do my paper on if i were to choose to go backe to my country forever or stay in the U.S. whish one would i choos and way. I am going to go and see what is the differnt kind of govermont and which one is better to live in , and see the thing that i may get in the U.S. for free that whan i go backe to my country i may not be abule to get. and the choeses i get to get that i may not get in my country.

2005-11-01T08:24:00.000-08:00

Nursing

The nursing field is booming and there is a huge need for nurses. There are over 100,000 vacant nursing positions and an ever growing need for healthcare workers. By the year 2020, it is estimated that there will be a shortage of 800,000 nurses. The healthcare field is one of the best places to get a job and it will likely stay that way for many years. Registered nurses constitute the largest healthcare occupation with over 2.3 million jobs. The major educational paths to becoming a registered nurse are a bachelor’s degree, associate degree and a diploma. Registered nurses, also known as RNs work to prevent disease, promote health and help patients with illnesses. They are community advocates and health educators. They observe, record, assess symptoms and progress in patients and help doctors and surgeons during examinations, treatments and surgeries. Nurses also administer medications and assist in rehabilitation. Other nursing occupations include hospital nurses, office nurses, nursing care facility employees, public health nurses, home health nurses, occupational health nurses, nurse supervisors and nurse practitioners.

2005-11-01T08:13:00.000-08:00

Nursing

2005-11-01T08:06:00.000-08:00

Nurse Practitioners are at the forefront of the movement to modernize patient services. They complement traditional hospital and doctor services by providing an integrated range of care options for patients.

Nurse practitioners are registered nurses with advanced knowledge and decision-making skills in assessment, diagnosis and health-care management of patients and clients.

A nurse practitioner (NP) is a nurse with a graduate degree in advanced practice nursing. This allows him or her to provide a broad range of health care services, including:

Taking the patient's history, performing a physical exam, and ordering appropriate laboratory tests and procedures

Diagnosing, treating, and managing acute and chronic diseases

Providing prescriptions and coordinating referrals

Promoting healthy activities in collaboration with the patient

Nurse practitioner specialties include family practice, women's health, pediatrics, geriatric, neonatology, school health, emergency, oncology and primary care.

Some nurse practitioners work in clinics without physician supervision, and others work together with physicians as a joint health care team. Their scope of practice and authority depends on state laws. For example, some states allow nurse practitioners to write prescriptions, while other states do not.

2005-11-01T07:55:00.000-08:00

Nurse practitioners are registered nurses with advanced knowledge and decision-making skills in assessment, diagnosis and health-care management of patients and clients.

A nurse practitioner (NP) is a nurse with a graduate degree in advanced practice nursing. This allows him or her to provide a broad range of health care services, including:

Taking the patient's history, performing a physical exam, and ordering appropriate laboratory tests and procedures

Diagnosing, treating, and managing acute and chronic diseases

Providing prescriptions and coordinating referrals

Promoting healthy activities in collaboration with the patient

Nurse practitioner specialties include family practice, women's health, pediatrics, geriatric, neonatology, school health, emergency, oncology and primary care.

<img>

Like many other professions, nurse practitioners are regulated at two different levels. Licensure is a process that takes place at the state level in accordance with specific state laws. In contrast, certification is established through national organizations with requirements for minimal professional practice standards being consistent across all states.

2005-11-01T07:38:00.000-08:00

Course Spotlight

After learning the basics of nursing, you’ll get the chance to explore nursing specialties in classes and in real-world settings, such as hospitals.

For example, you’ll learn about caring for children in pediatrics. There’s a lot to learn, from childhood diseases and their treatments to child development and psychology. Even giving medication is different in pediatrics, because there’s no single correct dose for all children. Doses vary depending upon the child’s weight.

2005-11-01T07:36:00.000-08:00

2005-10-27T12:53:00.000-07:00

NT reveals the top 100 places to nurse
NT Online News
posted on 25 10 2005

The UK's first survey of nurses and employers aimed at rating healthcare organisations is published today with an NHS Trust in North East England hitting the top spot.

The study, conducted by Nursing Times as part of its centenary celebrations, found that Sunderland Teaching Primary Care Trust meets all the criteria for the UK's most nurse-friendly employer.

The looked at thousands of organisations – NHS, independent employers, charitable organisations, care homes and the armed forces – to find out which one was the best employer of nurses.

Every aspect of working life was considered, including what facilities are available to staff; how well the organisation manages training and development; the strength of the nursing voice in the organisation; and the extent of family-flexible working arrangements.

Nursing Times editor Rachel Downey said: ‘The Nursing Times Top 100 is great news for employers and nurses – our research shows that many can clearly demonstrate excellent employment practices. And now, for the first time, nurses have a scale which they can use to evaluate existing or future employers.

‘This unique survey is a great opportunity for everyone who employs nurses to find out how they compare with their fellow employers. Everyone who made the Top 100 has shown they are aiming at excellence in their employment practice and those who did not make the list now have a challenge for next year.’

Steve Barnett, chief executive of NHS Employers, said: ‘NHS Employers is delighted to support the Nursing Times Top 100. These awards have given us a clear indication of how nurses feel about their employer and how we can continue to work together to ensure they have the best possible working environment.’

Survey results - the top ten places to work as a nurse

2005-10-27T12:46:00.000-07:00

Did You Know?

In the United States, registered nurses (RNs) outnumber physicians by more than four to one.

2005-10-24T08:08:00.000-07:00

on my prjoct i wanty to write my paper
on nursing becuse i wanty to be a nurse so i am
to see thing you have to do to be a nurse ,and
how nursing is changed from long time ago