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This page was last updated on 1 November, 2005 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This page was last updated on 1 November, 2005 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This page was last updated on 1 November, 2005 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
"Symbols of Senegal
PRINCIPLE OF THE REPUBLIC
The principle of the Republic of Senegal east : government of the people by the people and for the people.
CURRENCY
The currency of the Republic of Senegal east : " People - A Goal - A Faith ". It translates our commun run to want life common, i.e. our will (a Faith), of Unit (People), for national Construction (a Goal).
FLAG

The flag of the Republic of Senegal east made up of three vertical and equal bands, of green color, gold and red. It carries, in green, in the center of the band but, a star with five branches.
The Green, for the Moslems, is the color of the flag of the Prophet. For the Christians, it is the symbol of the éspérance. For the Animists, it is the symbol of fruitfulness. Gold is sign of richness, it represents the fruit of work for people which gave the priority to the economic problems, whose only solution will allow the rise in the level of culture. It is the second objective of the Sénégalaise Nation. However Gold — the Yellow — is, at the same time, color of Arts and the Letters ; color of the Spirit. the Red points out the color of blood, color of the life, therefore sacrifice authorized by all the Nation, but also the burning determination and the solved force which animates each one of its sons in the fight against under development.
The Star is a rather frequent sign in the négro-African symbolic system. It has five branches to mark the opening of Senegal in the five continents. It represents the sky and leaving the spiritual values, singularly at people which did not see only rice and of bread. It is green to mean, more particularly, the hope which the Young Independence of the Republic of Senegal expresses.
SEAL

The Republic of Senegal has two seals.
On one, are reproduced a Lion-passer by and, on the line, above, a Star with Five Branches. The Lion is also a frequent sign of the ethnic symbolic system of the group North-Soudanien, to which the large majority of the Senegaleses belongs. It was, before the presence franaise, the animal symbolic system of the Capacity. The King was, then, King — Lion - Sun — God. From now on, the Lion will be the animal symbolic system of the Senegalese State. No animal could better represent the Senegalese People, whose cardinal virtues are courage and honesty. This first Seal carries, registered on the edge, the words : Republic of Senegal — People — a Goal — a Faith.
On the second Seal, figure a Baobab tree. Why a Baobab tree ? It is initially that the Baobab tree is tree typical of the flora sénégalaise. A group of Baobab trees centenaries marks, often, the place of an old village. It is, in addition, which the baobab tree is a tree from which our peasants draw the most resources. The fruit — the bread of monkey — is used to manufacture sauce of the pulps ; the plundered sheets, use the composition of the couscous ; the trunk provides solid cords. On the edge of this second Seal, the words are registered : Republic of Senegal — In the name of the Senegalese People.
NATIONAL ANTHEM
The national anthem is composed of five verses including/understanding each stanza of twelve feet, and a refrain made up of a stanza of four of the same worms rate/rhythm.
The words are the work of Mr. Léopold Sédar SENGHOR, first President of the Republic, poet and writer, and the music of Herbert PEPPERT.
The anthem evokes the topic of the joy born of independence, that of the national union by the going beyond of regional diversities; the topic of the rooting in our values and the opening to the others and modernity, that of our last glory evoked less to feed a ombrageux nationalism that to be used an ideal as generosity, peace, of work of dialogue, unit and fraternity African without discrimination of races or languages, before ending in a proclamation: the oath to defend the Fatherland in the union and the determination, even until death in front of all the dangers menaant its independence, its prosperity, its safety.
Grip all your will coras, strike your balaphons
The red lion howled. The trainer of the bush
Of a jump sprang dissipating darkness
Sun on our terrors, sun on our hope.
Refrain:
Upright brothers here Africa gathered
Fibres of my green heart shoulders against shoulder
My more than brothers. O Senegalese, upright!
Unisons sea and sources, unisons
Steppe and the forest. Hello Africa Mother.
Senegal, you it son of the scum of the lion,
Emerged you of the night au.galop of the horses,
Return to us, oh! return to us the honor of our Ancestors
Splendid like ebony and forts like the muscle!
We say right — the sword does not have a bur.
Senegal, we do ours your great intention:
To gather chicks with the shelter of the milans
To make some, of the east in the west, north in the south,
Drawn up, the same people, people without seam,
But people turned towards all the winds of the world.
Senegal, like you, all our heroes,
We will be hard, without opened hatred and the two arms,
The sword, we will put it in the peace of the sleeve,
Because our work will be our weapon and the word.
Bantou is a brother, and the Arab and the White.
But that if the enemy sets fire to our borders
We all are drawn up and them weapons with the fist:
People in his faith defying all misfortunes;
Young people and old men, men and women.
Death, yes! We say death but not shame."
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The French National Assembly

PRESENTATION
The French National Assembly is the institution where the people delegate his representatives called appointed, to exert the legislative power. She votes the law, controls the governmental activity, can cause the resignation of the Government by the vote of a motion of censure.
Legislative role
The law is voted by the French National Assembly. The initiative of the law belongs to the President of the Republic (bills), and to the deputies (private bill).
The projects or private bills are submitted to the French National Assembly. When the project or the private bill is adopted by the French National Assembly, the law is transmitted without delay to the President of the Republic for promulgation.
Control parliamentary
The deputies can pose to the members of the Government, who are held to answer it, of the written questions and the oral questions. The written questions are transmitted to the President of the French National Assembly which transmits them to the President of the Republic.
Fault by the member of the Government of having answered a question written within fifteen day, the written question is transformed into question oral and carried on the agenda of a meeting by the Conference of the Presidents.
The national assembly can indicate in her centre of the boards of inquiry. She can also cause the resignation of the Government by the vote of a motion of censure.
OPERATION
The President directs the debates. He chairs the meetings of the Office and the Conference of the Presidents. The administrative services of the French National Assembly are placed under the authority of the assisted President of the questeurs and the Secretary-general.
The Vice-presidents compensate the President in the performance of his duties, according to the order of their election. In any event, three Vice-presidents will be present on the territory of the Republic in a permanent way.
The elected secretaries attend with the meetings of the Office and the Conference of the Presidents. They draw up the analytical verbal lawsuit and give reading of it, if it is asked, register the names of the deputies who ask for the word, control the nominal calls, note the votes by show of hands or by sat and raised, strip the polls, control the delegations of vote, record the sanctions for the application of the provisions of the Rules of procedure of the French National Assembly relating to the disciplinary measure of the deputies.
The Secretary-general and the associated Secretary-general are selected among the government officials of hierarchy A. They coordinate the activities of the eight directions which account the French National Assembly.
The Questeurs, under the top management and the control of the President, are in charge of the services of the material and finances of the Parliament. They prepare, under the direction of the President and in agreement with the Office, the budget of the Parliament which they report to the Committee of supply.
SHORT HISTORY
The French National Assembly of Senegal was instituted on August 20, 1960 (law n° 60-44 of August 20, 1960). Before it, sat :
The General Council (1879-1920);
The colonial Council (1920-1946);
The General Council (1946-1952);
The territorial Parliament (1952-1958), which sat at Saint Louis;
The constituent Assembly, instituted on November 25, 1958.
The first stone of the palate sheltering the French National Assembly was posed on October 27, 1954 per Mr Robert Buron, Ministre of France overseas, in the presence of Mr Bernard Cornut-Nice, High commissioner of the Republic in Africa Occidentale French, and of Mr Boissier Pallum, President of the Large Council of Africa Occidentale French.
Inaugurated on November 22, 1956 per Mr Albert Sarraut, President of the Parliament of the French Union, in the presence of Mr Gaston Cusin, High commissioner of the Republic in Africa Occidentale French, and of Mr Boissier Pallun, President of the High Council of Africa Occidentale French, the Palate sheltered successively :
The Large Council of French Western Africa (A.O.F.), of 1956 to 1959;
The legislative Parliament of the Federation of Mali, April 04, 1959 to August 20, 1960;
and as from August 20, 1960, the French National Assembly of the Republic of Senegal.
With independence, the number of deputies was 80. Manpower passed to 100 in 1978, 120 in 1983 and 140 in 1998.
March 19, 2000, Senegal knew the first political alternation at the top of the State. A new Constitution was adopted by referendum. Its implementation entrainé a certain number of institutional reforms of which:
Removal of the Senate and the Economic and Social Council;
The dissolution of the French National Assembly and the organization of anticipated legislative elections;
The reduction of the number of deputies with 120.
The Council of State The law n°96-30 of 21 October 1996 abrogeant and replacing the law n°92-24 of May 30, 1992 defines the organization of the Council of State, fixes its competences and defines the rules of procedure of them.
The Advisory General meeting includes/understands the totality of the members of the Council of State and the advisers in "extraordinary service", personalities qualified in the various spheres of the national activity and indicated by decree for one one year period renewable. The number of these advisers cannot exceed twenty (20). The Prime Minister indicates near the Advisory General meeting, the Secretary-general of the Government which is the General Police chief and of the "Government Commissioners", who are qualified people, charged representing the Government and with providing to the known as assembly all useful information. These Police chiefs take part in the debates but are not entitled to vote. However, before any meeting of the Advisory General meeting, the President of the Council of State, the office of the aforesaid council heard, can decide reference of a business before the special subcommittee of the same assembly, chaired by a Magistrate of the Council of State. He is proceeded in the same way in agreement with the Advisory General meeting, if during a meeting, the needs order it. The meetings of the Advisory General meeting are chaired by the President of the Council of State or failing this by a President of Section. The jurisdictional formations of the Council of State are: joined together Sections and Sections. Joined together Sections:
Sections:
Each year, after the end of their management, the public accountants justiciable to the Council of State send their management account accompanied by all the supporting documents of expenditure and receipts, with the Council of State by the intermediary of the Minister in charge of Finances. Lastly, the Council of State, in his annual report which are given to the President of the Republic, and to the President of the French National Assembly, proposes with the Government the reforms and improvements of a legislative, lawful or administrative nature that it takes place to bring. This report/ratio also contains the observations relating to the management of the local communities.
The Council of State has advisory and jurisprudencielles attributions Advisory attributions
Jurisdictional activities
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© Government of Senegal
President of the Republic
The President of the Republic is the guard of the Constitution. He is the first Guard of Arts and the Letters of Senegal. He incarnates the national unit. He is guaranteeing regular operation of the institutions, national independence and integrity of the territory. He determines the policy of the Nation. He chairs the Council of Ministers. The President of the Republic is responsible for national Defense. He chairs the higher Council of national Defense and the national Council of Safety. He is the supreme Chief of the Armies ; he names with all military employment and has the armed force.
The President of the Republic is elected by the direct vote for all and the majority poll with two turns. The term of the office of the President of the Republic is five years. The mandate is renewable only once.
For his action, the President of the Republic is based on the Government, the Cabinet, the Secretariat-general and the other services and organizations of the Presidency of the Republic. The Presidency of the Republic includes/understands the whole of the services intended to make it possible to the Head of the State to assume his constitutional missions. These services are placed under the authority of the Minister of State, Principal private secretary of the President of the Republic. The Head of the State is assisted by personal advisers, special advisers, technical advisers and the in charge ones of mission named by presidential decree. The Presidency of the Republic is represented with all the interdepartmental meetings. The Presidency of the Republic includes/understands:
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| © Government of Senegal |
| History of Senegal
The inventory of the prehistoric sites and the data provided by the oral tradition result in thinking that the settlement of Senegal précolonial was carried out starting from north and of the east, with the arrival of several migratory waves The arrived first, called "small negros", were gradually driven back towards the South by the " large negros ". The last great invasion would be that of Wolof, Peul and Sereer (or Sereer), belonging all to the Bafour group whose bursting in several branches seems in correlation with the pressure almoravide. On the high river, Namandirou, bordering country of Falémé, were used as place of transit and passage for Manding advancing towards Sénégambie and initially mixing with Soninké. then in Sereer and Wolof. The history of Senegal précolonial is especially characterized by the existence of kingdoms or States which were gradually parcelled out. The formation of the empire of Jolof (or Djolof), contemporary of the expansion almoravide, is allotted to Ndiadiane Ndiaye, probable son of the chief alimoravide Aboubacar Ben Omar and Fatoumata Sall. From this union was born Abou Dardaï which ends up bearing the name of Ndiadiane because of the miracles which surround its arrival in Jolof. To the XV century, the space ranging between the Senegal rivers and Gambia belonged to only one political entity: Jolof. With the favour of the weakening of the empire of Mali, Gabon was detached some and become a State independent extending of Gambia in north from the current Guinea-Bissau. At the XVI century, dissidences of Cayor, Baol, Wallo, Sine and Saloum were right of its unit. Jolof was reduced to the limits of a very modest kingdom. In 1512, after long peregrinations, Peul, under the direction of Tenguella and its Koly son, fixed their habitat year Fouta Toro and created a State, Fouta Deyanke which remained there of 1512 to 1776. This State was put at hard test by the Moors who hoped to subject it to their authority. After having proclaimed its independence, Gabou tried to benefit from its position of contact between Europeans and their allies of the littoral on the one hand, and Diola of the back country on the other hand. The immense material advantages that they accepted from the ones and others encouraged the sovereigns to reinforce their authority on the various provinces. But the companies Baïnouk and Diola refused to dissolve their identity in that of Gabon and were inserted in their forests where they could preserve their autonomy and their ways of life. To the XVIII century, the misdeeds of the draft assigned all the categories of the African companies. One attended a great political crumbling then; the entities were circumscribed with ethnos groups passing most clearly of their time to be made the war. For the same period, Diola manding implied in the traffic slave trader spread Islam along their routes. The neophytes were useful themselves of this religion as arms with combat to test refonder their entities political as regards the aspects social, economic and moral.
At the beginning of the XIXe century, the French possessions very few, are dispersed and of weak extent. Heirs to the counters of slave draft established at the XVII century, these points of meeting of the maritime trade and continental do not have whereas a reduced activity: it is the case of Saint-Louis, Gorée, Rufisque, Portudal or Joal, while certain centers, such Podor, are ruined or destroyed. Until the arrival of Faidherbe and with the diffusion of groundnut like commercial culture, progress of the imperialism remains limited some governors try to start again the trade of gum on the Senegal river, but the rebuilding of the establishments of draft runs up against the hostility of the populations Moors and toucoulor. In 1822, whereas the English control the traffic on Gambia, Gorée functions as a frank port but the commercial activities are reduced everywhere, in particular along the River where the traders are subjected to the system of the "habits ". customs taxes imposed by the Moors who dominates right bank. From 1850, the French colonial policy changes: the increased requirements out of raw materials intended for manufacturing industries and the progression of "the colonial idea", supported by the competitions imperialists, lead to a strategy of occupation and development starting from the old counters. Space sénégambien becomes an object of conquest then, a first stage on the road of Western Sudan. This policy is implemented by Faidherbe: in ten years (1854-1864), all the littoral ranging between the Senegal rivers and Saloum pass under the French domination, of the military stations are built in Casamance, and of the treaties of protectorate allow to control the valley of Senegal in spite of the sharp resistance of El Hadj Omar Tall (attacks of Médine, then fold towards the east to build an independent State). The colonial expansion is accelerated after 1876; it is a question of reaching the Niger river, which implies a total control of Senegal. The military campaigns encounter violent interior resistances then: Maba Diakhou Ba tries to unify the countries located at the north of Gambia and Lat Dior Diop in Cayor; Alboury Ndiaye and Mamadou Roll Drama, on the high River and to Boundou, are opposed by the weapons to the colonial penetration. In Casamance, resistance is led by religious chiefs like Fodé Kaba Doumbouya, but it is also the work of the forest populations, in particular in country Diola and Balant. The absence of coordination of all the movements and the competitions intern however supported the external seizure: in 1891, the conquest is practically finished. Then the "time of the governors starts".
The administrative limits of the colony fuse fixed. in 1904, after the creation of French Western Africa (AOF-1895) and the transfer of the federal capital from Saint-Louis to Dakar (1902) -, this one, detached from Senegal, formed a particular territory, Saint-Louis remaining the capital of the country until 1957. While the construction of the railroad Dakar-Niger supports the diffusion of groundnut in the campaigns, the increase in production is accompanied then by a true agricultural conquest in the east by the country wolof, under the control of the marabouts mourides. Until 1945, the political organization of Senegal is a perfect illustration of "the colonial order": of the commander of circle to the governor reigns a hierarchical, authoritative, immutable system. Only the natives of the "four communes" (Dakar, Gorée, Rufisque, Saint-Louis) have the privilege to elect their town councils and to thus send a deputy to the French Parliament (Blaise Diagne is elected in 1914) is born a political community sénégalaise, which will find a ground of expression parliamentary after the Second World war with the institutions created by the new colonial policy. Since 1945, two Senegalese deputies, Rolls Gueye and Léopold Sédar Senghor sits at the French constituent Assembly. In 1946, a territorial Parliament of Senegal is elected with the single college: she designates members of Parliament who represent their country and obtain great improvements (expression and right to meet, abolition of the forced labour). The political activity is accompanied by the creation of parties distinct from the metropolitan organizations (foundation of the Senegalese democratic Block in 1948). whereas poets, novelists and historians animate an intense cultural life. Prepared by the outline law of 1956, which reinforces the powers of the territorial Assembly, the evolution towards independence is accelerated by the creation of the Community, recutting autonomous republics and whose Senegal becomes a Member State after the referendum of September 28, 1958. Associated within the Federation of Mali since January 1959, Sudan and Senegal ask the independence which they obtain together within the unit framework, April 4, 1960 (date of the festival of independence). But the Federation of Mali bursts, and on August 20, 1960, the Parliament sénégalaise proclaimed the independence of the country. Léopold Sédar Senghor is on elected President of the Republic sénégalaise September 5, 1960. It is re-elected on February 28, 1978 and resigns on December 31, 1980. Abdou Diouf, which succeeded, is elected President to him on 27 February 1983 and is re-elected on February 21, 1993. The new president, Abdoulaye Lagging, by gaining the poll of March 19 2000. became the third Head of the Senegalese State. According to Iba Der Thiam and Mbaye Guèye, Atlas of Senegal, edition Young Africa, 2000.
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| © Government of Senegal |
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Nurse Practitioners are at the forefront of the movement to modernize patient services. They complement traditional hospital and doctor services by providing an integrated range of care options for patients.
Nurse practitioners are registered nurses with advanced knowledge and decision-making skills in assessment, diagnosis and health-care management of patients and clients.
A nurse practitioner (NP) is a nurse with a graduate degree in advanced practice nursing. This allows him or her to provide a broad range of health care services, including:
Taking the patient's history, performing a physical exam, and ordering appropriate laboratory tests and procedures
Diagnosing, treating, and managing acute and chronic diseases
Providing prescriptions and coordinating referrals
Promoting healthy activities in collaboration with the patient
Nurse practitioner specialties include family practice, women's health, pediatrics, geriatric, neonatology, school health, emergency, oncology and primary care.
Some nurse practitioners work in clinics without physician supervision, and others work together with physicians as a joint health care team. Their scope of practice and authority depends on state laws. For example, some states allow nurse practitioners to write prescriptions, while other states do not.
Nurse Practitioners are at the forefront of the movement to modernize patient services. They complement traditional hospital and doctor services by providing an integrated range of care options for patients.
Nurse practitioners are registered nurses with advanced knowledge and decision-making skills in assessment, diagnosis and health-care management of patients and clients.
A nurse practitioner (NP) is a nurse with a graduate degree in advanced practice nursing. This allows him or her to provide a broad range of health care services, including:
Taking the patient's history, performing a physical exam, and ordering appropriate laboratory tests and procedures
Diagnosing, treating, and managing acute and chronic diseases
Providing prescriptions and coordinating referrals
Promoting healthy activities in collaboration with the patient
Nurse practitioner specialties include family practice, women's health, pediatrics, geriatric, neonatology, school health, emergency, oncology and primary care.
Some nurse practitioners work in clinics without physician supervision, and others work together with physicians as a joint health care team. Their scope of practice and authority depends on state laws. For example, some states allow nurse practitioners to write prescriptions, while other states do not.
Like many other professions, nurse practitioners are regulated at two different levels. Licensure is a process that takes place at the state level in accordance with specific state laws. In contrast, certification is established through national organizations with requirements for minimal professional practice standards being consistent across all states.
After learning the basics of nursing, you’ll get the chance to explore nursing specialties in classes and in real-world settings, such as hospitals.
For example, you’ll learn about caring for children in pediatrics. There’s a lot to learn, from childhood diseases and their treatments to child development and psychology. Even giving medication is different in pediatrics, because there’s no single correct dose for all children. Doses vary depending upon the child’s weight.